t(y)W(xu)W(wng)Y(ji)R(zh)I(y)t(y)W(xu)Ŀ38(g)֪Rc(din)RԔ£
1.ĤD(zhun)\(yn)СӣμU(ku)ɢU(ku)ɢ(dng)D(zhun)\(yn);ӣ/
μU(ku)ɢ֬|(zh)ȡQڝȲͨeO2CO2N2H2OҴ
U(ku)ɢ֬|(zh)혝ݶȣ(jng)ͨخԣoͬF(xin)ʿxͨxxԺToϢʧNB(ti)(K+ͨoʧ)(do)ͨ_šP(gun)]ɷNB(ti)eK+Na+Cl-Ca+.(jng)dwW(xu)Y(ji)(gu)خԣͬF(xin)e(t(x)ͨ(x)zȡ)
(dng)D(zhun)\(yn)ݶԭl(f)ԣcãNa+K+-ATPøSּ(x)Ĥ(ni)Na+K+ȲʹoϢ(dng)λ^l(f)(dng)D(zhun)\(yn)ṩ܃һ(g)(x)@20%30%cD(zhun)\(yn)۰خƄ}ãCa2+-ATPø^l(f)(dng)D(zhun)\(yn)gc÷ֽATPe(cǻ(ni)IС)ΰf|(zh)Ĕzȡ
2.d^ԣC(j)wM̼l(f)(yng)
d^(x)(jng)(x)(x)ټ(x)a(chn)(dng)λ
ֵ(dng)λС̼(qing)ȣǺd^ָ(bio)
λɼ(x)ĤNa+ͨͻȻRĤλ´ֻ̼λֵȥOܰl(f)չ(dng)λ
oϢλ(ni)ؓ(f)K+ͨNa+ͨС(x)ĤK+Na+ͨoϢλҪQءCl-늻W(xu)(q)(dng)СNa+늻W(xu)(q)(dng)K+Ĥ(ni)Ĥ30Na+ĤĤ(ni)10
xӵƽλEx=60lg([X+]0/[X+]i)[X+]0Ĥ[X+]iĤ(ni)oϢλӽEk(Ekؓ(f)ENa)
(dng)λ֧(Na+(ni))hλ֧(K+)ȫoF(xin)(do)˥pԾֲʽ(do)
ֲλKλEPSPIPSPλl(f)λ늾o
(jng)wS(dng)λwY(ji)Sʽ(do)
(x)d^d^Ե׃^(yng)(d^=0hλ)(yng)(d^u֏(f)ؓ(f)λǰ)L(d^p>ؓ(f)λ)ͳ(d^pȷҽ^(q)>>ֿҰ(x)>ҼԄ(dng)d^lǺ(bio)(zhn)(dng)λ4Ԅ(dng)ȥOҪӰ]Y(ji)P(x)ߣKc(din)ͨ^ռI(lng)ͳ(q)(dng)(sh)F(xin)
(do)ԣ]Y(ji)ķҽ(ӔR)ֿ֧ҰwS()Ҽ(do)ʽֲ
տsԣҼ(x)տs(qing)ȫoʽտs(x)ȼտs
14.(dng)}Ѫγɣѭh(hun)ϵy(tng)(ni)ѪҺӯKѪѭh(hun)ϵy(tng)(dng)}c(dng)}ďԃá
}=տs-揈3040mmHg.
ƽ(dng)}=揈+1/3}s100mmHg.
տsÿݔӰӳK
揈ѪӰӳС
Ѫ(dng)}@{(dio)(ji)Ѫ
ÿ(I)տs}
ʡ(ȥI)揈}
揈}
˄(dng)}Ӳ(dng)}ԃáѪ(dng)}
ʧѪѭh(hun)Ѫ(dng)}
15.o}CVPķǻ(ni)o}ѪȡQKѪo}Ѫ412cmH2O.
CVPKѪЧѪ㡣
CVPKѪo}ٶȡѪȫo}տs(dng)}揈
˥CVP˥CVP׃
֫\(yn)(dng)o}CVP
o}CVPCVP
վλѪp١CVP
ߜءѪp١CVP
16.ѭh(hun)(dng)}(dng)}ë(x)Ѫֱͨ·(dng)-o}·o}
ػͨ·|(zh)Qֱͨ·MжҊʹһѪҺѸٽ(jng)ѭh(hun)M(jn)o}(dng)-o}·w{(dio)(ji)
Ѫܣ(dng)}+С(dng)}
Ѫٶ죺(dng)};ë(x)Ѫ
ë(x)ѪѪܱڶƽ^(sh)(jng){(dio)(ji)
ë(x)Ѫǰsͺ(dng)}Ѫƽֲܾxa(chn)։{(dio)(ji)
17.ЧV^EFP=(ë(x)ѪѪPc+MҺzwBi)-(MҺoˮPi+Ѫ{zwBc)
(jng)ë(x)ѪܵѪҺ90%ջѪҺ10%ɞܰҺܰҺs24L/d.
MҺأë(x)ѪѪ(˥)MҺzwBѪ{zwBܰ͡ͻ(zx鰩)ë(x)Ѫͨ
18.Ľ(jng)Ч(yng)Ca2+(ni)ʹտsԡ(ji)ǰf|(zh)Ach(ji)f|(zh)ȥINAڦw
ĸ(jng)ؓ(f)Ч(yng)K+ʹʡ(ji)ǰ(ji)f|(zh)AchMw
пsѪ(jng)wSƤwܶһ֧ô(jng)
Ѫ(jng)wSp֧t(y)W(xu)|W(wng)
Է(p)i(dng)}]()(dng)}()ѪܱڵęC(j)е̶
W(xu)Է()i(dng)}w(dng)}wȱPaCO2[H+]
{(dio)(ji)ҪԷL{(dio)(ji)ҪI-wҺƙC(j)
ķθѪصጷ
ڠ(dng)}Ѫ^ߣѪ;zʸ;ѪļտsӰ@(揈)}Ѫڵտsڼڵ揈ڼտsL}Ѫ揈L}Ѫ
19.ֱͨӄ(dng)(P(gun)I)h(hun)ͷgĉ
ԭ(dng)s\(yn)(dng)
Ҫ(ʽ)g⼡(ʽ)
Ҫg(ni)(r(sh))
ͨ(ҪoB(ti)ݱ揈ռ2/3+νM폗Իؿs)+Ǐ((dng)B(ti)ܚֱӰ)
α|(zh)DPPCSPݢͼ(x)ڣֲڷ݃(ni)(c)ͷݱ揈;p;협(yng)׃pСΏDPPCβȾCԺy
P=2T/R.݃(ni)(qing)=2ݱ揈ϵ(sh)/ݰ돽
20.οTLC=λVC(3500mlŮ2500ml)+RV=IC+FRC.
λVC=a(b)IRV+TV(500ml)+a(b)ERV.
λFVCһMMܺw
ͨ=l
ͨ=(-oЧǻ150ml)lÿκHʹ݃(ni)w1/7.
21.Ӱ푷ΓQأĤĺeͨ/Ѫ(V/Q)ֵ
ΓQĽY(ji)(gu)A(ch)ǺĤ6
V/Q=ÿַͨ/ÿַѪ=0.84.
ͨ^ȕr(sh)(ë(x)Ѫ˨)V/Q>0.84;ͨⲻr(sh)V/Q)ȱУPaCO2ͻȻߵ{(dio)(ji)(yng)
23.ƽ(jng)֧䣺(ni)(jng)ϵy(tng)g(jng)(\(yn)(dng))Ĥ(jng)();(jng)ϵy(tng)(տs)(ɳ)
θ(θҺ)M(jn)θҺHCO3-øđ֭СcҺȍu\(yn)(dng)ʳθsθƽСcƽđƽ
Һ()θᡢʳθsθƽСcƽM(jn)
sđأʳθsM(jn)
ҺҺ(M)ڣøܾøIgAIgGIgM͝BҺK+ȸѪ{ه(jng)
24.θҺθ(ڼ(x)M(jn)F}գҺsđጷţҺđ֭СcҺ)(ni)(ڼ(x)M(jn)VitB12)θøԭ((x))Һ̼}pH0.91.5.
̼θڣAchθM(θءAchL)Ca2+Ѫǡƾ
θڣθᡢLǰҺءƤL
{(dio)(ji)^(ȡθø(qing))θ(ȸθø^-߷)c(ȵ͡θҺʮָcጷθءcش̼θҺ)
θҺڣθ(ؓ(f))֬(cθ)ߏҺ(c-θ)
θ\(yn)(dng)揈(oտsor(sh))+(dng)(3/minֻ)̼ʳʳܵĴ̼ͨ^(jng)ĩጷ(sh)F(xin)C(j)ƣ-߷;f|(zh)ѪܻcVIPNO.
θſգٶȣ>|(zh)>֬ȫſ46h.θ(ni)M(jn)أθӾθſգ-߷ڃ(ni)(jng);ʮָc(ni)أʳ}֬ߝBҺҺsđθģc-θ
25.Һ(jng)sđءݼ(x)øøҺء(do)ܼ(x)HCO3-ˮ֡øкθo(h)cĤNøṩmpH.(qing)ȫȵø(Է)֬ø(Է)ˮø(øԭ)ȵøԭcøȵø
đ֭μ(x)8001000ml/dpH7.4(đđ֭pH6.8)đ}cP(gun)Ҫɷ֣ҲǴM(jn)đ֭Ҫ̼oø黯֬M(jn)֬֬wSM(jn)ֹY(ji)ʯγđ֭ųϵKr(sh)֬øÜp
Сc\(yn)(dng)oտs(S־oȺǻ(ni))+ֹ(ji)\(yn)(dng)()+(dng)(M(jn))+(dng)_(M(jn))
c\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)+(dng)+F(tun)(dng)
VitB12đ}ڻcաFe2+СcϲVitCM(jn)Ca2+(dng)D(zhun)\(yn)ͨ^(x);VitDԭh(hun)M(jn)ֲ
26.ӰxҪأ(dng)(@)(dng)ʳ(dng)Ч(yng)(M(jn)ʳ~ܣ1h_ʼm(x)78h|(zh)@)h(hun)ض(2030(wn))
ʳr(ji)ʳ1Lr(sh)ጷŵt(y)W(xu)|W(wng)
̣һr(sh)g(ni)C(j)wCO2cO2ıֵ
A(ch)xBMRѡOȰo(˯r(sh))>Ůԣͯ>r(sh)BMR͕r(sh)BMR
wأչ(ji)ɣ峿26r(sh)ͣ16r(sh)ߡŮ>Swغռ50%Ҫa(chn)٣or(sh);\(yn)(dng)r(sh);ɫ֬cǺ(zhn)a(chn)(P(gun)Iӽ(lin))a(chn)ԻA(ch)x(ni)KXࡣנټ؞ҪwҺ{(dio)(ji)
ɢҪƤwݗɢ侀h(hun)ضЇ(yn)ӰoB(ti)Ҫʽ{(dio)(do)ɢ|ñɢw(dng)L(fng)Ƚl(f)ɢˮߜحh(hun)Ψһʽƾԡǰ߾Ƥ>h(hun)ض;l(f)ɢƤ>h(hun)ضȞ鲻l(f)Ƥءܭh(hun)ضȞɸl(f)
ҺҺ͝BҺСcҺҺȝBҺl(f)ߝBÓˮ
?z)l(f)đA(jng)wS;l(f)I(jng)wS
ܜضȸ(jng)ĩИМضȸ(jng)ԪλPO/AHλھW(wng)Y(ji)(gu)ˡw{(dio)(ji)ИXPO/AHИϽY(ji)(gu)IJλl(f)ǰ(zhn)w{(dio)c(din)
27.IС?yn)V^Ĥë(x)Ѫ܃(ni)Ƥ(x)+Ĥ+IСK㼚(x)ͻ
IС?yn)V^=ÿ犃IɳVҺ=125ml/min180L/d.
շ=IС?yn)V^;(ni)ʡIС?yn)V^;Jػ?q)R=ЧIѪ{
V^?jn)?sh)=IС?yn)V^/IѪ{=19%.
I铣|(zh)_ʼгF(xin)Ѫ{I铣160180mg/100ml.
IСЧV^=(IСë(x)Ѫoˮ+҃(ni)ҺzwB=0)-(Ѫ{zwB+IС҃(ni))
IС?yn)V^ӰأIСë(x)ѪѪ((jng)С(dng)}տs)҃(ni)Ѫ{zwB(͵ѪY)IѪ{(ͨ^׃ЧV^ͨ^׃ƽc(din)660ml/min)V^ϵ(sh)Kf.
28.ԭˮ99%IK|(zh)ջ(dng)ڣKH1.5L/d.
СҪղλ100%ˮ70%HCO3-80%ڽС
ԭ^Ѫ{@׃ǵ|(zh)
NaClڽС((dng)ռ2/3(dng)ռ1/3)
ˮNa+յĵȝBԱ(dng)h(yun)СܼϹܿADH{(dio)(ji)
HCO3-CO2ʽ(yu)Cl-cH+(lin)
ǣ^l(f)(dng)D(zhun)\(yn)(cNa+ͬD(zhun)\(yn))
H+ķڣNa+-H+Q
NH3ķڣμU(ku)ɢ
29.СҺ(dng)СܡСֱΡȽ֧(x)Ρ֧(x)Ρֶ֧Ρh(yun)СܡϹ
NaCl(dng)ա貿MgҺߝB(יC(j))
NaClγɡ(ni)貿MgҺߝB(ADHC(j))
M(jn)ʳǡoעߝB/¶B(IС|(zh))
ˮ(ˮ)Ѫ{wB½
øߝB}ˮ٣wҺB
ʧˮˮѪ{wBߡ
Ѫ()ҪXҕϺ˷Ժh(yun)СܺͼϹѪ{wBߞҪ̼
ȩͪIƤ|(zh)h(yun)СܺͼϹcˮ⛣ѪcѪ⛡(Ҫ)I-Ѫܾoءȩͪ
һN跴XĸИп{(dio)(ji)
ݿ˰l(f)r(sh)ݿʧݿ˺ʧ
30.ԣm˴̼Qam(yng)F(xin)
m(yng)Ƥw|X
m(yng)i(dng)}]P(gun)(ji)Ҹ
۹ϵy(tng)Ĥˮw(Ҫ)w
{(dio)(ji)Сָ(bio)ǽc(din)(ԽԽ(qing))
h(yun)ޠwɳڡgow׃
ޠwogɳڡw׃ǰơ
ҕҕW(wng)Ĥǰr(sh){(dio)(ji)R
h(yun)ҕҕW(wng)Ĥh(yun)r(sh){(dio)(ji)R
ҕU(x)cҕXP(gun)߅ȸߣҕ^ⷴ(yng)λNa+(ni)pγɵijOλ
ҕF(x)cҕXP(gun)IJȵҕ^ߣⷴ(yng)ɫX
ҕPoҕUҕF;밼HҕF
31.˶ܸܵ(dng)l2020000Hzеģ10003000Hz.
Ҫ(do)Ĥ (N狹)шAĤ
(dng)ĉ(qing)ԽԽС
шAĤcǰͥABAĤcAB(ni)ܰ
ܞһ(g)äܣ(ni)(ni)ܰ
Ĥ()
ײ׃l ܓp픲׃l ܓp (jng)׃ܓp
λlcһoֵoڲ(yng)ƣڣl(f)m(yng)
ǰͥ٣(g)Ҏ(gu)+EA+
Ҏ(gu)m˴̼ؓ(f)Ǽٶȡm˴ֱ̼\(yn)(dng)
(yng)r(sh)ϡҎ(gu)ܵ^ȴ̼
32.(jng)wS(do)d^pԣ^ƣ
ͻ|fͻ|ӔRd^d^(ji)ɵĸ׃ƣ(ni)h(hun)׃С
Иd^ИӔRd^d^(ji)ɵĸ׃ƣ(ni)h(hun)׃Уl(f)
d^ͻ|λEPSPAchȥONa+(ni)
d^λIPSPGABAOCl-(ni)
И+(jng)f|(zh)AchȥILء
(jng)f|(zh)-(ͻ|ǰͻ|)ʰ
đAwSֲ֧\(yn)(dng)(jng)wS(jng)(ji)ǰwS(sh)й(ji)wS(ٔ(sh)ጷf|(zh)wS)ٔ(sh)й(ji)wS(֧?z)ԺٵwS+֧ѪܵĽѪwS)
MwAchЧ(yng)ܱަAģMܱƷ
NwN@N1ʮN@N2ͲAN1+N2.
w1e21+2.
w堖堖1ĵØ()2ĵð(堖)1+2.3ֲ֬M
33.ű㷴;^;(jng)wSĤ_(d)λr(sh)Na+ͨ_;ѪҺ^;ȵøԭ^;½(jng)ڴƼصķؓ(f)(sh)
خͶϵy(tng)Xһ(x)Ⱥض^(q)c(din)c(din)ͶضX
خͶϵy(tng)X(x)ȺV^(q)ɢͶd^B(ti)
W(wng)Y(ji)(gu)м(dng)ϵy(tng)خXɾW(wng)Y(ji)(gu)(ni)ͻ|ˎӰ푡
ʹwSAwSͶ䣺XƤӵһڶX^(q)
ʹwSCwSͶ䣺ێ
(ni)KʹҪc(din)λ(zhn)_
34.䣺ͻ|늣x(qing)Ɍ(c)켡䣬Ƿ
䣺췴(٠ܳ־ƣͻ|)+o(켡ܳ־ãƣͻ|S˄)
ܼwSL룺aͦ͢;(ni)տs⼡տs̼p٣ܼ׃
ݿˣC5ȥXֱX֮gДXɣýֱ+ֱ\(yn)(dng)(jng)Ԫ֧мwSտs\(yn)(dng)(jng)Ԫ{(dio)(ji)̼ȥƤӽֱXƤƤ
(jng)(ji)c{(dio)(ji)S\(yn)(dng)
ɭ()|(zh)Ͱϵy(tng)ܓpoֹ
赸(͢D);¼ywAchϵy(tng)GABAϵy(tng)ܓp赸ӄ(dng)
cB(x)Sͻĩ(jng)ጷŵf|(zh)Ǹʰᡣ
ǰͥ()СXqСY(ji)~wƽ(վ(wn))
(f)СXͰg{(dio)(ji)o(\(yn)(dng)f(xi){(dio)֫)
Ƥ()СX(c){(dio)(ji)S\(yn)(dng)(oY)
35.(jng)d^ѭh(hun)(ʡĿsҪKѪտsѪ揈)(֧ƽ揈)(ճҺθcđsտs)(揈sտsӌmտsoӌm揈)(ͫהU(ku))Ƥw(Qëտsٷ)x(Ѫǡ-I|(zh)-Ƥ|(zh)ء)
zˮzʳИУX(c)^(q)̼ʳ;Ɖġʳ
ИУX(ni)(c)ˡ̼ʳ;Ɖġzʳ^
ʺˣ̼Ɣzʳ(dng);Ɖġzʳ^֡
չ(ji)ИУXҕϺ
(yng)^(q)Xоĸ(ni)y^(q)
w{(dio)(ji)ИУX(ҕ^ǰ(c)ɢИ(c)a(chn)И)
X늈D˰or(sh);IJ˯r(sh)׃;Ȳr(sh)׃;²˻(dng)r(sh)
36.Ĥwנټ麬ءڶʹW(xu)f
|(zh)wƤ|(zh)}Ƥ|(zh)ۡ;wנټۡС_(d)W(xu)f
ԣخʹЧS
Xw(jng)wADH(ҕϺ)߮a(chn)OXT(Ժ)
wT}ϵy(tng)ٴw
ټנټጷżTRHټנټTSHנ١T3T4(ؓ(f))
IƤ|(zh)ጷżCRHIƤ|(zh)ACTHIƤ|(zh)Ƥ|(zh)(ؓ(f))
ټጷżGnRHSwLH/ݴ̼FSH١Gͪ/
LGHIH/LጷżGHRHLGH.
ጷPIF/ጷPRPPRL.
ٺڼMIF/ٺڼጷMRFٺڼMSH.
oټأGHPRLMSHXpؼص{(dio)(ji)ܰټصؓ(f){(dio)(ji)
37.Lأ࣬M(jn)Ll(f)ҪܴM(jn)(jng)ϵy(tng)l(f)ԵѪǴ̼GHڵЧ(yng)@˯ߕr(sh)GH(˯r(sh))˯ߕr(sh)GHȱ٪Y;^˰Y;^֫˷ʴY
נټأM(jn)(jng)ϵy(tng)(ǺX)l(f)ҪT3T4ҪT3T4Ѫǡ|(zh)ֽ;T3T4Ѫǡ|(zh)ϳ;đ̴ȱСY;ȱҺˮ[;^;ʳȱطԼנ[Ч(yng)^Ƽנټغϳ
נټPTHנ(x)ڣwIѪ}Ѫס({(dio)(ji)Ѫ}ѪҪļ)Ѫ}ȞҪ{(dio)(ji)
}CTנٞVԼ(x)wڹIѪ}ѪסѪ}ȞҪ{(dio)(ji)
125-uSD3wֲVҪСcIѪ}Ѫס
ȍuأȍuB(x)Ѫ鵰|(zh)ϳɺ̓治ȱټءѪߞ(qing)M(jn)θءҺsđءθĴٷ
ȸѪأȍuA(x)ѪǡθsđشҺ
IƤ|(zh)}Ƥ|(zh)Ƥ|(zh)W(wng)Լء
Ƥ|(zh)Ѫʹ֬·ֲ(ˮţAĘ)ӏ(qing)|(zh)ֽ(⵰|(zh)ֽ⡢(ni)|(zh)ϳ)ȩͪ(ˮж)ӰS(yng)r(sh)(dng)X-ٴw-IƤ|(zh)ϵy(tng)(נټȍuؑ(yng)r(sh)ߣ(yng)r(sh)(dng)-I|(zh)ϵy(tng)
38.(x)λGg|(zh)(x)ۼء
{(dio)(ji)^̵Ҫأݴ̼FSH((dng))SwLHGͪ(S)
GͪM(jn)|(zh)ϳɡL}׳et(x)
ƼأŮζ+w(đ̴)+ˮ(ˮc)
мأ䁴++˯+ƼءM(jn)ٰl(f);+smء顣
Ƽص1(g)FSHLH2(g)LHLHƼصĵ1(g)Tl(f)
(do)đ̴Ƽءנټ
(do)ˮcƼȩͪ
ٵ|(zh)ϳɣLנټءȍuGͪƼ
ٵ|(zh)ֽ⣺Ƥ|(zh)נټ
(zh)I(y)t(y)f}dح"f}(zh)I(y)t(y)ԇ"
P(gun)]