查看匯總：2019年考研英語閱讀模擬題及答案詳解匯總

　　Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.In all cultures，parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community‘s moral precepts.Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms，using methods ranging form mild forms of censure，such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark，to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous.The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment.Faced with increasing violence at home，many Americans endorsed Singapore‘s use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown，but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.

　　The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them.The Gusii of Kenya，with a history of tribal warfare，face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces，including wild animals.Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children.Caning，food deprivation，and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.

　　In contrast，the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca，Mexico，are a highly cohesive community，with little internal conflict，and social norms that encourage cooperation.Their social patterns appear adaptive，for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans，who control the official government and many economic resources in their region.The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children.Rather，they tend to rely on soothing persuasion.Social ostracism is the most feared punishment，and social ties within the community are very strong，so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.

　　In the United States，fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior，especially in small communities.Today，even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime，especially violent crime.Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment，another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had，so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.

　　1.The best title of this passage would be____.

　　[A] Crime and Punishment

　　[B] Reward and Punishment

　　[C] Social Order

　　2.According to the passage，what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?

　　[A] Children must be obedient to their parents.

　　[B] People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.

　　[C] People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.

　　[D] People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.

　　3.What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?

　　[A] Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.

　　[B] The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.

　　[C] The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.

　　[D] Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.

　　4.What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?

　　[A] To stop giving them pocket money.

　　[B] To persuade them in a gentle way.

　　[C] To verbally humiliate them.

　　[D] To threaten to expel them from the home.

　　5.The word“stigma”(in fourth paragraph)most probably means____.

　　[A] irony

　　[B] verbal

　　[C] persuasion

　　[D] bad reputation

　　核心詞匯

　　Preserve vt.保護(hù)，保持

　　observe vt.遵守

　　mild adj.溫和的

　　execute Vt.處死，執(zhí)行

　　applicationn.應(yīng)用

　　vary vi.變化，不同

　　confront vt.使面臨

　　warfare，1.戰(zhàn)爭

　　tend vi.趨向

　　shelter n.庇護(hù)所

　　cohesive adj.內(nèi)聚的

　　intemal adj.口講。內(nèi)部的

　　region n.區(qū)域，地區(qū)

　　physical n.身體的

　　譯文

　　為了維持社會秩序以及保持文化價值，不同的社會會采用不同的方式進(jìn)行獎懲。在所有的文化中，父母必須教會孩子躲避危險并遵守社會的道德準(zhǔn)則。成年人同樣會使用不同的方式來調(diào)節(jié)彼此對社會道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的遵守，這些方式從輕微指責(zé)——比如當(dāng)某人言語不得體時對其表示輕蔑——到由于個人不道德的行為或是危險行為而對其進(jìn)行監(jiān)禁或者處決。1994年，在新加坡的一個美國少年邁克爾‘費(fèi)伊由于故意破壞公共財產(chǎn)而遭到鞭刑，實施這一懲罰的文化差異引起了媒體的廣泛關(guān)注。面對越來越多的家庭暴力，很多美國人對新加坡用體罰來維持社會秩序的做法都表示贊同。對費(fèi)伊的懲罰有效嗎?之后他是否不再故意破壞公共財產(chǎn)?我們不得而知;但是，很明顯，這樣的懲罰使他很快就離開了新加坡。

　　社會為了維持其社會秩序所使用的可行方式也會部分地隨著它們所面臨的危險及損害而改變。肯尼亞的古西人有著很長時間部落戰(zhàn)爭的歷史，古西人所面臨的威脅不僅來自于外族，還來自于自然力量包括野生動物的困擾。古西人的父母愿意更多地依賴懲罰及恐嚇而不是獎賞來調(diào)節(jié)他們子女的社會行為。鞭打、禁食及逐出家門都是懲罰的常見形式。

　　與之相反，墨西哥朱克斯拉華卡的密克斯特坎人則組成了一個高度團(tuán)結(jié)的社會，很少發(fā)生內(nèi)鄙沖突，那里的社會準(zhǔn)則就是鼓勵人與人之間的合作。密克斯特坎人的社會模式看起來很具有適應(yīng)因為他們被附近的西班牙裔墨西哥人所統(tǒng)治，西班牙裔墨西哥人控制了當(dāng)?shù)氐墓俜秸�府及很多�?jīng)濟(jì)資源。通常情況下，密克斯特坎人并不采用罰款和判刑或是用體罰的方式來避免成年人和孩子的犯罪。相反，他們更愿意用安撫勸說的方式。社會排擠是最讓人害怕的懲罰，社區(qū)內(nèi)的社會聯(lián)系十分密切，因此，用于加強(qiáng)這些聯(lián)系的響應(yīng)在維護(hù)社會秩序時顯得十分有效。

　　在美國，特別是在一些小社區(qū)中，對社會排擠或是羞辱的恐懼對于控制反社會行為來說曾經(jīng)是比較強(qiáng)大的力量�，F(xiàn)在，甚至監(jiān)禁看起來都不足以制止很多形式的犯罪，特別是暴力犯罪。雖然一個原因是由于實行懲罰的不一致性，但另一個原因很可能是由于監(jiān)禁不再像以前那樣具有羞辱的威力，因此，監(jiān)獄已經(jīng)不再是一種有效的懲罰方式了。

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