我看了后，解惑不少，希望能對(duì)你有幫助，它比較簡(jiǎn)單。可能只起一個(gè)構(gòu)建概念的作用：
句子成分：
主語：一般位于句首，通常為名詞或代詞。
謂語：表明主語的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)之成分，英語中都用動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。
賓語：謂語動(dòng)詞所涉及的對(duì)象。通常為名詞或代詞。
定語：修飾限定名詞成分的部分，大多修飾主語和賓語。通常為形容詞。
狀語：修飾謂語或整個(gè)句子，表明地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間，狀態(tài)，程度等。通常為副詞。
表語：位于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞之后，表示主語的狀態(tài)，特征之成分。
補(bǔ)語：對(duì)主語或賓語起到補(bǔ)充說明作用的成分，一般主動(dòng)語態(tài)中為賓語補(bǔ)語，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中為主語補(bǔ)語。
同位語：即漢語中的復(fù)指成分，主語和賓語才有，名詞性成分。
名詞性從句：皆為三種類型：that, whether/if, 特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)。
1. 主語從句：句子的主語是由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)。
2. 表語從句，表語為一個(gè)句子。
3. 賓語從句，賓語為一個(gè)句子。
定語從句：限定性定語從句，非限定性定語從句。
限定性定語從句：修飾限定先行詞，不可或缺。that修飾人或物，which修飾物，who修飾人。與先行詞之間沒有逗號(hào)隔開。
非限定性定語從句：對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，或?qū)φ麄�(gè)主句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。不能使用that引導(dǎo)。
要點(diǎn)：關(guān)系詞主要由先行詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞譀Q定。
狀語從句
時(shí)間狀語從句：從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。When, while, since, as,
until，after, before等引導(dǎo)。
條件狀語從句：從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。If，unless，as long as等引導(dǎo)。
原因狀語從句：because, since, now that, as引導(dǎo)。
目的狀語從句：so that, in order that引導(dǎo)。
結(jié)果狀語從句：
方式狀語從句：as if, than, as…as…, as though引導(dǎo)。
讓步狀語從句：though, although, as(盡管)，even if, even though, no matter等引導(dǎo)。
地點(diǎn)狀語從句：where, wherever引導(dǎo)。
及與短語間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
1.與不定式互換：
I don’t know what to do.
Where to go is not decided.
2.與分詞互換：
Having finished the book, I went to bed.
Seen from the hill, the park is beautiful.
Weather permitting, I will go there tomorrow
被動(dòng)表達(dá)的特殊形式：
1. This book sells well.這書很暢銷。
2. This play reads better than it acts.這劇本上演不如閱讀有趣。
3. This door won’t shut.這門關(guān)不上。
4. This kind of cloth washes well.這種布很經(jīng)洗。
5. Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
6. This piece of meat cuts well.這塊肉很好切。
7. The match wouldn’t strike.這火柴擦不著。
8. The door can’t open easily.這門不好開。
9. The safe doesn’t lock.保險(xiǎn)柜鎖不住。
10. All the figures add up correctly.所有數(shù)字加起來正確。
11. This stuff wears long.這種料子很經(jīng)穿。
12. The poems don’t translate well.這些詩不好翻譯。
13. The performance finished at 7.表演七點(diǎn)結(jié)束。
14. Her dress caught on nail.她的衣服被釘子掛住了。
15. The water feels cold.水摸起來很涼。
16. The milk has burnt.牛奶煮糊了。
17. This material tears easily.這種料子很容易撕破。
18. This text teaches well.這篇課文很好教。
19. This one doesn’t count.這個(gè)不能算。
20. The house would let easily.這房子容易出租。
21. This dress does up at the front.這衣服是在前面扣扣子。
22. These wares clean easily.這些器皿好洗。
23. The ad caught my eye.那則廣告引起了我的注意。
24. The door fooled me.我不小心撞門上了。
25. My teeth cheated me.我咬到沙子了。（吃米飯常見現(xiàn)象）
26. She cheated death.她死里逃生。
27. She always photographs badly.它總是不上相。
Go, come, remain后跟否定前綴的過去分詞，表被動(dòng)。
28. Our complaints went unnoticed.我們的投訴沒有引起重視。
29. The boundary problems still remain unsettled.邊境問題仍未解
決。
30. The flap of the envelope has come unstuck.信封的封口脫膠散開了。
有些形容詞后的不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。
31. John is easy to deceive.
32. The question is hard to answer.
33. This house was difficult to find.
34. Decaying food is not good to eat.
35. These shoes are not fit to wear.
36. It is too hot to eat.
不定式作定語，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
37. There are a number of problems to deal with.
38. There is a lot of work to do.
39. The next thing to consider is food.
其他一些特殊的被動(dòng)表示法：
1. The flowers need watering.
2. These boxes want repairing.
3. His suggestion is worth considering.
4. Paris is worth visiting.
5. She is beyond my control.
6. The matter is under consideration.
7. The building is under construction.
8. That textbook is no longer in use.
9. John is on trial for murder.因謀殺受審。
10. The method has come into use.
11. The robbery did not come into light until the next day.
12. The party came into existence in 1854.
用所有格和物主代詞表示被動(dòng)含義：
1. Hitler’s complete defeat brought the war to an end.
2. The boy’s punishment was a fine.罰款。
3. After his release from prison, he came home.
4. They all came to our aid.來幫我們。
5. The planes came to our rescue.來援救我們。
6. We are grateful to them for coming to our support.來支持我們。
7. They came to my defense.來為我辯護(hù)。
8. I am to blame.我該受責(zé)備。
9. Nobody is to blame for it.這是誰也不怪。
10. A better way is yet to seek.還得找一種更好的辦法。
否定：
1. I’m too old for this job.
2. She is too beautiful for words.
3. It’s too good to last.
4. It’s too good to be true.
注：But, all, only 用于too前，是加強(qiáng)語氣。如：
I will be only too pleased to help you.
They are but too glad to do so.
We are all satisfied to see it.
This is too good a film to miss.
5. She is the last person to accept a bribe.受賄。
6. As ifI cared! 我才不在乎呢！
7. As ifanyone would believe that story! 沒人信那一套！
8. As if she would do it! 她才不會(huì)做那事呢！
9. He is anything but a hero.它根本不是英雄。
10. He’s anything but polite.她一點(diǎn)禮貌也沒有。
11. That is more than I can do.我干不了。
12. This is more than I can bear.我忍無可忍了。
13. You speak faster than I can follow.
14. He is more brave than wise.他有勇無謀。
15. He is more shy than unsocial.與其說他孤僻不如說他靦腆。
16. The book is more a dictionary than a grammar.這本書是字典而不是語法
書。
17. He run rather than walked.他與其說是在走不如說是在跑。
比較級(jí)+than+to do
18. I’m wiser than to believe that.我很明智，絕不會(huì)相信這種事。
19. You have better command of French than to make such mistakes.你法語那么好，決不該犯這種錯(cuò)誤。
20. I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.我寧愿走去也不坐車。
21. She prefers city to the countryside.她喜歡城里而不是鄉(xiāng)下。
22. I would rather die than surrender.我寧死也不投降。
23. His taste is quite other than mine.他的品味和我的完全不同。
24. The truth is quite other than what you think.事實(shí)真相與你想的完全不同。
25. She arrived before I expected.我沒料到她來這么早。
26. Before I could say thanks, he had left.我還沒來得及說謝謝，他就走了。
few and little在句中：
27. Few of them are any good.他們沒幾個(gè)好人。
28. Few people live to be 100.很少有人活到100歲。
29. I know little German.我不太懂德語。
30. There is little time left.沒剩下多少時(shí)間了。
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